
ARI @ CHC






Todays Series Game 3 Matchup Details
Series Game 3
Todays Game is on Sunday, July 21st
21/07/24 14:20:00 PM EST First Pitch
Player match stat positives for Arizona at Chicago Series Game 3 Matchup Today
When assessing his home run skill, Christopher Morel ranks in the 95th percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Christopher Morel is penciled in 5th in the lineup in this matchup.
The #8 venue in baseball for boosting offensive stats, via the leading projection system (THE BAT), is Wrigley Field.
Wrigley Field sits at the 10th-highest altitude among all stadiums. High elevation tends to lead to better offense.
Christopher Morel pulls a lot of his flyballs (37.8% — 95th percentile) and has the good fortune of hitting them towards MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences today.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Michael Busch in the 81st percentile when assessing his home run skill.
Michael Busch is projected to bat 2nd in the batting order in today’s game.
The #9 ballpark in the game for boosting home runs to lefties, per the leading projection system (THE BAT), is Wrigley Field.
Given Brandon Pfaadt’s large platoon split, Michael Busch will have a big advantage batting from the opposite side of the dish in today’s matchup.
Michael Busch will probably have the upper hand against every reliever for the duration of the game, since the bullpen of the Arizona Diamondbacks only has 1 same-handed RP.
The #9 venue in baseball for boosting home runs to right-handed hitters, via the leading projection system (THE BAT), is Wrigley Field.
The switch-hitting Jose Herrera will hold the platoon advantage while batting from from his better side (0) today against Shota Imanaga.
Jose Herrera pulls many of his flyballs (33.4% — 76th percentile) and will have a big advantage hitting them towards the league’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s matchup.
Extreme flyball bats like Jose Herrera usually hit better against extreme groundball pitchers like Shota Imanaga.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Randal Grichuk in the 75th percentile when it comes to his overall offensive skill.
Randal Grichuk is projected to hit 2nd in the batting order in this matchup.
Randal Grichuk will hold the platoon advantage against Shota Imanaga today.
Randal Grichuk pulls a lot of his flyballs (33.8% — 80th percentile) and sets up very well considering he’ll be hitting them towards the league’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s game.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Pete Crow-Armstrong in the 89th percentile when it comes to his BABIP ability.
Pete Crow-Armstrong will hold the platoon advantage against Brandon Pfaadt in today’s game… and even better, Pfaadt has a large platoon split.
Pete Crow-Armstrong has a good chance to have the upper hand against every reliever for the game’s entirety, since the bullpen of the Arizona Diamondbacks has just 1 same-handed RP.
Pete Crow-Armstrong will hold the home field advantage in today’s matchup, which figures to improve all of his stats.
The Chicago Cubs have just 1 same-handed RP in their bullpen, so Jake McCarthy can likely count on holding the advantage against every reliever all game.
Jake McCarthy has an 87th percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (35.8%) and will have a big advantage hitting them out towards the game’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s game.
Hitters such as Jake McCarthy with extreme groundball tendencies are usually more effective when facing pitchers like Shota Imanaga who skew towards the flyball end of the spectrum.
Hitting from the opposite that Shota Imanaga throws from, Kevin Newman will have an edge in today’s game.
Ranking in the 77th percentile, Kevin Newman sits with a .271 batting average this year.
Home field advantage typically boosts batter stats in all categories, and Tomas Nido will hold that advantage in today’s matchup.
Tomas Nido’s 94.5-mph exit velocity on flyballs (a reliable stat to measure power) grades out in the 79th percentile this year.
Tomas Nido is in the 92nd percentile when it comes to hitting balls between -4° and 26°, the launch angle range that tends to result the most in base hits (49.2% rate since the start of last season).
When assessing his home run skill, Randal Grichuk ranks in the 76th percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Lourdes Gurriel Jr. in the 91st percentile when assessing his batting average skill.
Lourdes Gurriel Jr. is penciled in 3rd in the lineup in this matchup.
Batting from the opposite that Shota Imanaga throws from, Lourdes Gurriel Jr. will have the upper hand in today’s game.
Ketel Marte projects as the 18th-best hitter in the majors, per the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Ketel Marte is projected to hit 1st in the lineup in this matchup.
The switch-hitting Ketel Marte will get to bat from his good side (0) today against Shota Imanaga.
When estimating his home run ability, Christian Walker ranks in the 95th percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Christian Walker is projected to hit 4th on the lineup card in this game.
Hitting from the opposite that Shota Imanaga throws from, Christian Walker will have the upper hand in today’s game.
As a switch-hitter who is best from the 0 side of the dish, Geraldo Perdomo will have the advantage of batting from from his better side against Shota Imanaga in this game.
Geraldo Perdomo pulls many of his flyballs (33.2% — 75th percentile) and will have a big advantage hitting them towards the league’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s matchup.
Geraldo Perdomo has exhibited favorable plate discipline since the start of last season, placing in the 94th percentile with a 1.46 K/BB rate.
When it comes to his overall offensive skill, Seiya Suzuki ranks in the 95th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Seiya Suzuki is projected to bat 3rd in the lineup today.
Among all stadiums, Wrigley Field’s LF fences are the 5th-shallowest.
Home field advantage typically boosts batter stats in all categories, and Seiya Suzuki will hold that advantage in today’s matchup.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Dansby Swanson in the 85th percentile as it relates to his overall offensive talent.
Home field advantage generally boosts batter stats across the board, and Dansby Swanson will hold that advantage today.
In the past two weeks, Dansby Swanson’s exit velocity on flyballs has seen a big rise, from 95.7-mph over the course of the season to 101.4-mph lately.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Corbin Carroll in the 87th percentile as it relates to his overall offensive talent.
The Chicago Cubs have just 1 same-handed RP in their bullpen, so Corbin Carroll has a strong chance of holding the advantage against every reliever all game.
Corbin Carroll has an 81st percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (34.6%) and sets up very well considering he’ll be hitting them out towards MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s matchup.
According to the leading projection system (THE BAT)’s evaluation, Brandon Pfaadt’s overall pitching talent grades out in the 79th percentile out of all starters in Major League Baseball currently.
Tallying 17.9 outs per outing this year on average, Brandon Pfaadt falls in the 89th percentile.
Lance Barrett projects as a Pitchers Umpire and is scheduled to be calling pitches in this game.
When it comes to his overall offensive talent, Ian Happ ranks in the 89th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Ian Happ is projected to bat 4th on the lineup card in today’s game.
The switch-hitting Ian Happ will get to bat from his strong side (0) today against Brandon Pfaadt… and even better, Pfaadt has a large platoon split.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Gabriel Moreno in the 92nd percentile when assessing his batting average skill.
Gabriel Moreno is projected to bat 2nd in the batting order in this game, which would be an upgrade from his 78% rate of hitting in the bottom-half of the batting order this season.
Gabriel Moreno will have the handedness advantage over Shota Imanaga in today’s matchup.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Jake McCarthy in the 84th percentile when estimating his BABIP talent.
According to the leading projection system (THE BAT)’s appraisal, Shota Imanaga’s overall pitching skill ranks in the 79th percentile out of all starters in the league right now.
Shota Imanaga has averaged 92.3 adjusted pitches per outing this year, placing in the 77th percentile.
Compared to their .322 overall projected rate, the .310 the leading projection system (THE BAT X) wOBA of the Arizona Diamondbacks projected batting order today suggests this version of the lineup considerably missing some of their usual firepower.
When estimating his home run talent, Eugenio Suarez ranks in the 91st percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Eugenio Suarez has primarily hit in the back-half of the lineup this season (79% of the time), but he is projected to hit 5th on the lineup card in this game.
Batting from the opposite that Shota Imanaga throws from, Eugenio Suarez will have an advantage in today’s matchup.
As it relates to his overall offensive ability, Christian Walker ranks in the 93rd percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Christian Walker pulls many of his flyballs (33.9% — 81st percentile) and is a great match for the park considering he’ll be hitting them towards baseball’s 7th-shallowest LF fences today.
Wrigley Field ranks as the #10 venue in the majors for right-handed BABIP, per the leading projection system (THE BAT).
When estimating his overall offensive skill, Lourdes Gurriel Jr. ranks in the 77th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Ketel Marte pulls a lot of his flyballs (34.2% — 82nd percentile) and sets up very well considering he’ll be hitting them towards MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s matchup.
As it relates to his overall offensive ability, Eugenio Suarez ranks in the 77th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Eugenio Suarez pulls many of his flyballs (35.8% — 90th percentile) and is a great match for the park considering he’ll be hitting them towards baseball’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s game.
Tomas Nido has done a strong job optimizing his launch angle on his highest exit velocity balls. His 17.8° angle is among the highest in baseball since the start of last season (85th percentile).
When assessing his overall offensive ability, Christopher Morel ranks in the 86th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Christopher Morel will benefit from the home field advantage in today’s game, which should boost all of his stats.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Mike Tauchman in the 77th percentile when it comes to his overall offensive talent.
Mike Tauchman will have the benefit of the platoon advantage against Brandon Pfaadt in today’s game… and moreover, Pfaadt has a large platoon split.
The Arizona Diamondbacks have just 1 same-handed RP in their bullpen, so Mike Tauchman has a strong chance of never losing the platoon advantage against the ‘pen all game.
When it comes to his strikeout skill, the leading projection system (THE BAT) places Shota Imanaga in the 83rd percentile among all starting pitchers in baseball.
The leading projection system (THE BAT) ranks Wrigley Field as the 8th-best park in the game for strikeouts.
Home field advantage generally boosts pitcher stats across the board, and Shota Imanaga will hold that advantage in today’s game.
Nico Hoerner’s batting average talent is projected to be in the 96th percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Nico Hoerner is projected to bat 1st in the lineup in this game.
Home field advantage typically bolsters batter metrics across the board, and Nico Hoerner will hold that advantage in today’s game.
Nico Hoerner has posted a .286 Expected Batting Average this year, ranking in the 92nd percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X)’s interpretation of Statcast data.
Mike Tauchman has a 98th percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (40.9%) and sets up very well considering he’ll be hitting them towards MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s game.
Nico Hoerner has shown favorable plate discipline this year, checking in at the 96th percentile with a 1.37 K/BB rate.
Lourdes Gurriel Jr. pulls many of his flyballs (33.5% — 77th percentile) and will have a big advantage hitting them towards MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences in today’s matchup.
Pete Crow-Armstrong has made significant strides with his Barrel% in recent games, bettering his 6.4% seasonal rate to 16.7% in the last 14 days.
Michael Busch will benefit from the home field advantage in today’s game, which figures to bolster all of his stats.
Ian Happ has a 75th percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (33.5%) and is a great match for the park considering he’ll be hitting them in the direction of MLB’s 7th-shallowest LF fences today.
The leading projection system (THE BAT) projects Brandon Pfaadt in the 80th percentile when it comes to his strikeout talent.
The Chicago Cubs have 3 bats in their projected batting order today with a high (i.e. over 27%) underlying K% (according to the leading projection system, THE BAT X) (Michael Busch, Christopher Morel, Pete Crow-Armstrong).
Brandon Pfaadt’s fastball velocity over his last 3 GS (93.9 mph) has been quite a bit higher than than his seasonal rate (92.9 mph).
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Gabriel Moreno in the 80th percentile as it relates to his overall offensive talent.
The leading projection system (THE BAT) profiles Wrigley Field as the 10th-best park in Major League Baseball for left-handed BABIP.
Sunday Series Game 3 player match stat slumps with D-Backs vs Cubs Matchup
Among all parks, the 7th-tallest average fence height are at Wrigley Field.
Considering Brandon Pfaadt’s large platoon split, Christopher Morel will be at a gigantic disadvantage batting from the same side of the dish in today’s matchup.
Among all the teams playing today, the 2nd-strongest infield defense is that of the Arizona Diamondbacks.
Checking in at the 4th percentile, Christopher Morel has put up a .221 BABIP this year.
Michael Busch has been lifted for a pinch-hitter 11% of the time when starting against a right-handed pitcher this year.
In MLB, Wrigley Field’s right field fences are the 5th-deepest.
Michael Busch has taken a step back with his Barrel% of late; his 11.5% seasonal rate has decreased to 0% in the last week’s worth of games.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Jose Herrera in the 4th percentile when assessing his overall offensive talent.
Jose Herrera is projected to hit 9th in the lineup in this matchup.
Jose Herrera has been pinch hit for 23% of the time when starting against a lefty on the mound since the start of last season.
Playing on the road generally reduces batter stats in all categories due to the lack of home field advantage, which figures to be the case for Jose Herrera today.
When starting against a left-handed starter this year, Randal Grichuk has been lifted for a pinch-hitter 37% of the time.
Playing on the road generally lowers batter stats across the board due to the lack of home field advantage, which should be the case for Randal Grichuk in today’s matchup.
Randal Grichuk ranks in the 10th percentile when it comes to hitting balls between -4° and 26°, the launch angle range that tends to best-produce base hits (37.9% rate this year).
The standard deviation of Randal Grichuk’s launch angle this year (31°) is in the 11th percentile. A high deviation like this tends to lead to a lower BABIP.
Pete Crow-Armstrong is penciled in 9th in the lineup in this matchup.
In the past two weeks’ worth of games, Pete Crow-Armstrong’s exit velocity on flyballs has fallen from his seasonal average of 92.9 mph to 90.4 mph.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Jake McCarthy in the 8th percentile when assessing his home run skill.
Jake McCarthy is projected to hit 6th on the lineup card in today’s game.
Hitting from the same side that Shota Imanaga throws from, Jake McCarthy will not have the upper hand today.
Playing on the road typically weakens batter stats in all categories due to the lack of home field advantage, which should be the case for Jake McCarthy in today’s game.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Kevin Newman in the 4th percentile when estimating his home run talent.
Kevin Newman is projected to bat 7th in the lineup in today’s game.
When starting against a left-handed starter this year, Kevin Newman has been pulled from the game early 19% of the time.
Kevin Newman has a 78th percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (34.1%) and has the misfortune of hitting them towards the game’s 5th-deepest RF fences in today’s matchup.
When estimating his overall offensive ability, Tomas Nido ranks in the 6th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Tomas Nido is projected to hit 8th on the lineup card today.
35% of the time that Tomas Nido has started against a righty hurler this year, he has been pinch hit for.
Brandon Pfaadt will have the handedness advantage over Tomas Nido in today’s matchup… and it’s a particular mismatch considering Pfaadt’s large platoon split.
In today’s game, Tomas Nido is at a disadvantage facing the league’s 5th-deepest RF fences given that he hits his flyballs to the opposite field at a 36.1% rate (88th percentile).
Randal Grichuk and his 6.8° launch angle on his hardest-hit balls rank in 18th percentile, among the lowest in the game this year.
Jose Herrera is remarkably slow, placing in the 11th percentile in Sprint Speed at 25.51 ft/sec this year.
Lourdes Gurriel Jr. will be at a disadvantage playing as a visiting player today.
Lourdes Gurriel Jr. has seen a substantial improvement in his exit velocity on flyballs in recent games; just compare his 97.3-mph average in the last 7 days to his seasonal mark of 92.4-mph.
In the last 7 days, Lourdes Gurriel Jr.’s 0% rate of hitting balls at a HR-optimizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has taken a nosedive compared to his seasonal rate of 16.6%.
Lourdes Gurriel Jr. has shown poor plate discipline this year, checking in at the 7th percentile with a 5.2 K/BB rate.
Playing on the road generally lessens batter stats across the board due to the lack of home field advantage, which ought to be the case for Ketel Marte in today’s game.
Playing on the road generally lessens batter stats across the board due to the lack of home field advantage, which should be the case for Christian Walker in today’s game.
Christian Walker has struggled with his Barrel% recently; his 15.6% seasonal rate has fallen to 0% in the past 14 days.
Christian Walker’s exit velocity on flyballs has dropped off of late; his 94.7-mph seasonal mark has lowered to 85.6-mph in the last 14 days.
Christian Walker’s average launch angle on his hardest-contacted balls lately (-1.2° over the past two weeks) is a considerable dropoff from his 13.6° seasonal figure.
When it comes to his home run ability, Geraldo Perdomo ranks in the 6th percentile according to the leading projection system (THE BAT X).
Geraldo Perdomo is projected to bat 8th in the lineup today.
Playing on the road typically weakens hitter stats across the board due to the lack of home field advantage, which should be the case for Geraldo Perdomo today.
Over the last week, Geraldo Perdomo’s exit velocity on flyballs has seen a big rise, from 87.6-mph over the course of the season to 94.7-mph recently.
Brandon Pfaadt will have the benefit of the platoon advantage against Seiya Suzuki in today’s matchup… and it’s an even larger mismatch considering Pfaadt’s large platoon split.
Seiya Suzuki has struggled with his Barrel% of late; his 11.4% seasonal rate has dropped to 0% in the last week.
Dansby Swanson is projected to hit 7th in the lineup in today’s game.
Brandon Pfaadt will hold the platoon advantage against Dansby Swanson today… and it’s an even bigger mismatch considering Pfaadt’s large platoon split.
Dansby Swanson has negatively regressed with his Barrel% of late; his 9.2% seasonal rate has dropped off to 0% in the last week.
Dansby Swanson’s ability to hit the ball at a HR-optimizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has decreased in recent games, falling from 15.1% on the season to 0% in the last week’s worth of games.
Corbin Carroll is projected to hit 7th on the lineup card in today’s game, which would be a downgrade from his 83% rate of hitting in the top-half of the batting order this season.
Shota Imanaga will receive the benefit of the platoon advantage against Corbin Carroll in today’s game.
Playing on the road generally lessens hitter metrics in all categories due to the lack of home field advantage, which figures to be the case for Corbin Carroll in today’s matchup.
Corbin Carroll’s ability to hit the ball at a HR-maximizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has fallen off from last year to this one, falling from 16.5% to 8.8%.
It may be smart to expect positive regression for the Chicago Cubs offense in the future, considering that the leading projection system (THE BAT X) believes they are the 6th-unluckiest offense in Major League Baseball this year.
According to the leading projection system (THE BAT), Jose Herrera (the D-Backs’s expected catcher today) is considered to be a horrible pitch framer.
The leading projection system (THE BAT) projects Wrigley Field as the 6th-best ballpark in MLB for BABIP.
Brandon Pfaadt will be at a disadvantage playing on the road in today’s game.
Brandon Pfaadt’s sinker percentage has spiked by 11% from last year to this one (9.9% to 20.9%) .
In today’s game, Gabriel Moreno is at a disadvantage facing the league’s 5th-deepest RF fences given that he hits his flyballs to the opposite field at a 40.4% rate (97th percentile).
Playing on the road generally lessens hitter stats in all categories due to the lack of home field advantage, which figures to be the case for Gabriel Moreno today.
Gabriel Moreno has struggled with his Barrel% of late; his 6.6% seasonal rate has decreased to 0% over the past week.
Over the past 7 days, Gabriel Moreno’s 0% rate of hitting balls at a HR-maximizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has taken a nosedive compared to his seasonal rate of 13.2%.
Jake McCarthy’s exit velocity on flyballs has declined this year; his 88.5-mph average last season has fallen to 85.5-mph.
Jake McCarthy’s 2.4% Barrel% (a reliable metric to measure power) ranks in the 6th percentile this year.
The Arizona Diamondbacks have 8 hitters in the projected offense that will hold the platoon advantage against Shota Imanaga in today’s game.
Because groundball hitters hold a sizeable edge over flyball pitchers, Shota Imanaga and his 40.9% underlying GB% (per the leading projection system, THE BAT) finds himself in a hard position in today’s game facing 1 opposing GB batters.
Among all SPs, Shota Imanaga’s fastball velocity of 91.2 mph grades out in the 16th percentile this year.
It may come as a surprise, but fastballs are generally a pitcher’s least effective pitch. Shota Imanaga has relied on his fastball a lot this year, though: 55% of the time, placing in the 100th percentile.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Geraldo Perdomo in the 15th percentile as it relates to his BABIP talent.
From last year to this one, Geraldo Perdomo’s ability to hit the ball at a launch angle that optimizes home runs (23° to 34°) has decreased substantially, plummeting from 19% to 11.6%.
Extreme flyball batters like Eugenio Suarez generally hit worse against extreme flyball pitchers like Shota Imanaga.
Eugenio Suarez will be at a disadvantage playing on the road today.
Eugenio Suarez has made notable gains with his Barrel% in recent games, improving his 8.2% seasonal rate to 16.7% in the past week’s worth of games.
Eugenio Suarez’s ability to hit the ball at a HR-maximizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has dropped off lately, falling from 15.5% on the season to 0% over the last week.
Gabriel Moreno’s ability to hit the ball at a BABIP-optimizing launch angle (between -4° and 26°) has declined from last season to this one, falling from 44.3% to 37.3%.
Utilizing Statcast data, Eugenio Suarez grades out in the 12th percentile per the leading projection system (THE BAT X)’s version of Expected Batting Average this year at .219.
Mike Tauchman is projected to bat 6th in the batting order in this matchup, which would be a downgrade from his 68% rate of hitting in the top-half of the batting order this season.
When starting against a right-handed starter this year, Mike Tauchman has been pinch hit for 10% of the time.
The Arizona Diamondbacks (20.1 K% (via the leading projection system, THE BAT X) are forecasted to have the 5th-least strikeout-prone group of hitters of all teams on the slate.
When assessing his overall offensive talent, Kevin Newman ranks in the 17th percentile according to the leading projections (THE BAT X).
Playing on the road typically diminishes batter stats across the board due to the lack of home field advantage, which should be the case for Kevin Newman in today’s game.
Brandon Pfaadt will receive the benefit of the platoon advantage against Nico Hoerner in today’s matchup… and it’s a particular mismatch considering Pfaadt’s large platoon split.
Nico Hoerner has a 92nd percentile opposite-field rate on his flyballs (37.4%) and has the misfortune of hitting them towards the game’s 5th-deepest RF fences today.
Nico Hoerner’s exit velocity on flyballs has dropped off lately; his 88.4-mph seasonal EV has lowered to 79-mph over the last two weeks.
Nico Hoerner’s ability to hit the ball at a HR-optimizing launch angle (between 23° and 34°) has gotten better of late, going from 15.1% on the season to 25% in the past week’s worth of games.
Over the last 14 days, Pete Crow-Armstrong’s 22.2% rate of hitting balls at a BABIP-maximizing launch angle (between -4° and 26°) has taken a nosedive compared to his seasonal rate of 39.4%.
The leading projection system (THE BAT X) projects Nico Hoerner in the 2nd percentile when it comes to his home run ability.
Checking in at the 25th percentile, Mike Tauchman has hit 23.5% of his balls in the air this year with a velocity of 100 mph or harder.
Pete Crow-Armstrong has put up a .315 Slugging Percentage (SLG) this year, grading out in the 10th percentile.
Sporting a .225 Expected Batting Average (an advanced metric created by the leading projection system (THE BAT X) utilizing Statcast data) this year , Michael Busch is ranked in the 18th percentile.
Corbin Carroll’s ability to hit the ball at a BABIP-maximizing launch angle (between -4° and 26°) has fallen off in recent games, falling from 34.9% on the season to 19% in the last two weeks.
